Software TestingWeek 5Quiz 2 · 7/7 papers

Major Clause, Minor Freedom

GACC, CACC, RACC — teeno me farak sirf ek cheez ka hai: minor clauses ko kitni chhoot mili. 10 steps me, zero se.

← Zero Se Path Constraint (symbolic testing)

STEP 01

Pehle 4 shabd

p = a ∧ (b ∨ c)

Shabd	Matlab	Yahan
Clause	chhota tukda jo alag se T/F ho sakta hai	a, b, c
Predicate	poora expression	a ∧ (b ∨ c)
Major clause	jisko abhi test kar rahe hain	maan lo a
Minor clauses	baaki sab	b, c

Dhyan do

Major/minor fix nahi hai. Jab a test kar rahe ho to a major, baaki minor. Phir b ki baari aayegi — tab b major ban jaayega.

STEP 02

Determination — poore chapter ki jaan

Sawaal: kya a akela p ko control kar raha hai?

Test: b aur c ko jaise hain waise pakad ke rakho, sirf a ko toggle karo.

p bhi badal gaya → a ne determine kiya ✅
p waisa hi raha → a bekaar tha ❌

Intuition

b, c ek control panel ki settings hain. Un settings pe a ka switch dabao aur bulb p dekho. Bulb badla → a control me tha.

Ye shortcut ratt lo — 90% questions isi se

Operator	Major clause kab determine karta hai
∨ (OR)	jab baaki sab FALSE hon
∧ (AND)	jab baaki sab TRUE hon

Kyun? OR me agar koi dusra pehle se T hai, to p waise hi T hai — tumhare switch se farak hi nahi padta. AND me agar koi dusra F hai, to p waise hi F hai.

Tumhari baari

p = a ∨ b. a kab determine karega?

STEP 03

ACC kya maangta hai

Active Clause Coverage

Har clause ko ek baar major banao, minors aise set karo ki wo determine kare, aur phir usko T aur F dono try karo.

Yaani har clause ke liye ek jodi (pair) chahiye:

ek test jisme major = T — aur determine kar raha ho
ek test jisme major = F — aur determine kar raha ho

ACC ko hi aviation standard me MC/DC kehte hain.

Bas ek sawaal bacha hai: un do tests me minors kya honge? Iske teen alag jawab hain — aur wahi GACC, CACC, RACC hain.

STEP 04

Teeno ka farak: minors ko kitni chhoot

Naam	Poora naam	Minors pe rule
GACC	General	minors kuch bhi — dono tests me alag bhi chalega
CACC	Correlated	minors alag ho sakte hain, par `p` flip hona hi chahiye
RACC	Restricted	minors bilkul same hone chahiye

Naam se yaad karo

Restricted = Rok diya (freeze) · Correlated = p Change hona chahiye · General = Ghoom lo jahan marzi

RACC ⇒ CACC ⇒ GACC

RACC sabse sakht · GACC sabse dheela

STEP 05

Truth table se pair nikalna — 3 step recipe

Exam me tumhe table di jaayegi jisme pₐ, p_b, p_c columns honge. Wo batate hain: us row me kya wo clause determine kar raha hai?

Us clause ka derivative column dekho. Jahan = 1 hai, sirf wahi rows kaam ki hain.
Unme se do rows chuno — ek jisme clause = T, ek jisme clause = F.
Criterion ka rule lagao:
GACC → bas ho gaya · CACC → p bhi alag hona chahiye · RACC → baaki saare clauses same hone chahiye

STEP 06

Khud try karo

Clause chuno, criterion chuno — rows highlight ho jaayengi aur valid pairs neeche aa jaayenge.

Clause

Criterion

row	a	b	c	p	pₐ	p_b	p_c

Ye khud dekh lo

a pe RACC daba ke dekho — CACC ke 9 pairs ghat ke sirf 3 reh jaate hain. Kyunki b,c ko bilkul match karna padta hai. RACC hamesha CACC ka subset hota hai.

STEP 07

Haath se karke dekho — clause b

1️⃣ p_b = 1 waali rows: 2 aur 4

2️⃣ Row 2 me b = 1 ✅, row 4 me b = 0 ✅ — jodi ban gayi

3️⃣ Rule check:

Criterion	Check	Pass?
GACC	dono determine karte hain	✅ (2, 4)
CACC	row2 `p=1`, row4 `p=0` → flip hua	✅ (2, 4)
RACC	row2 `a=1,c=0` · row4 `a=1,c=0` → same	✅ (2, 4)

Yahan teeno ka jawab ek hi nikla. Par a pe farak dikhega — upar wale table me khud try karo.

STEP 08

GACC ka famous trap

p = a ↔ b

a hamesha determine karta hai, chahe b kuch bhi ho. Ab GACC ke liye ye pair lo:

	a	b	p
test 1	T	T	T
test 2	F	F	T

a flip hua ✅, dono me determine kiya ✅ → GACC pass.

Par dekho

p dono baar T raha! p = F kabhi test hi nahi hua. Isliye GACC, Predicate Coverage ko subsume nahi karta.

CACC isi ko rokta hai — wo zabardasti kehta hai p alag hona chahiye. Yahi CACC ke hone ki wajah hai.

STEP 09

Ulta version — ICC (GICC, RICC)

ACC ka mirror image. Ab minors aise set karo ki major clause determine na kare, phir bhi usko T aur F dono karke p dekho.

Naam	Minors pe rule
GICC (General)	minors alag ho sakte hain
RICC (Restricted)	minors same hone chahiye

Achhi khabar

Method bilkul wahi hai. Bas pᵢ = 1 ki jagah pᵢ = 0 waali rows chunni hain. Aur kuch nahi badalta.

STEP 10

Kal subah ek nazar

Poocha	Karo
`pₐ` kya hai?	OR me → baaki sab F · AND me → baaki sab T
GACC pair	`pᵢ=1` waali rows, ek `cᵢ=T` ek `cᵢ=F`. Bas.
CACC pair	wahi + `p` alag hona chahiye dono rows me
RACC pair	wahi + baaki saare clauses bilkul same
GICC / RICC	`pᵢ = 0` waali rows se, baaki logic same
Strength order	RACC ⇒ CACC ⇒ GACC

Notes ka warning

Paper me CACC / RACC / RICC aate hain. Plain GACC 0/7 papers me aaya. GACC sirf samajhne ke liye padho — time CACC/RACC/RICC pe lagao.

Sabse badi galti

Acronym ratt lena bekaar hai. Examiner table dega aur poochega "kaunsa row pair clause a ke liye CACC pair hai?" — tumhe table scan karke rule lagana aana chahiye. Upar wale interactive table pe do-teen baar practice kar lo.